The Greek writer Herodotus is considered the world's first historian, "the father of history." Others have called him "the father of lies."

Herodotus explored centuries of contacts between the ancient Greeks and the Persian Empire, culminating in the Persian Wars of the early fifth century B.C.

In dramatic land and sea battles, the Greeks managed to repel invaders from the much larger, richer, and more powerful Persian Empire to the east. Later historians have said these Greek victories saved Western Civilization.

To compile his history, Herodotus relied on oral accounts, and he included gossip, myths, and rumors. Sometimes he would provide conflicting accounts of events and invite the reader to decide which to believe.

Herodotus wrote, "No one is so foolish as to prefer war to peace: in peace children bury their fathers, while in war fathers bury their children."

Historians are unknown elsewhere in the world until the first century B.C. in China.

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The dual marble bust of Herodotus and Thucydides was photographed in the summer of 2006 at an exhibit at the Colosseum in Rome.
Photo by Mike Maxwell.

The Greek writer Thucydides (thoo-SID-uh-dees) is credited with writing the first "scientific" history. Gods and legends played no role in his history of the Pellopenesian War between Athens and Sparta, which took place in the late fifth century B.C. After 27 years of conflict, Sparta won, and Athens went into decline.

Thucydides wrote only about events that occurred during his lifetime that he could verify through examination of written records and eyewitness accounts. He strived for complete objectivity, and in this way he pioneered the historical method used by historians today.

Thucydides wrote, "So adverse to taking pains are most men in the search for the truth, and so prone are they to turn to what lies readily at hand." He said truth could be distinguished from fiction "only after investigating with the greatest possible accuracy each detail."

He tried not only to record events, but to make sense of them. Thucydides concluded that men go to war out of "honor, fear, and interest."

He determined that war could be avoided if humans would base their choices on reason rather than force. According to Thucydides, it was because the Athenians violated this principle that they eventually suffered defeat.